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[Music]

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[Applause]

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hello I'm Jessica Kramer part of the

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chemical analysis and life detection

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group at JPL our group is interested in

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building instruments and methodologies

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to search for chemical signs of life on

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other planets

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one particularly interesting target and

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the reason we're all here in this room

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is Enceladus the chairs of this session

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did a great job in motivating all the

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different lines of evidence the Cassini

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found that showed that there could be an

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active motion rock interface in

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Enceladus is ocean this is a really

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exciting discovery and opens up a lot of

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questions as to the habitability of

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Enceladus is ocean and the chemical

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composition and really is a nice

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motivator for sending another follow-on

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mission to pick up where Cassini left

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off and really get more specific

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chemical analysis done on the compounds

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in the plant water one particular target

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that we're interested in going to look

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for our amino acids amino acids can tell

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you a lot about what's happening in the

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planet because they can be generated

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abiotic ly through geochemical processes

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they can also be an indication of

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prebiotic chemistry and then also maybe

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point to the presence of extant life but

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it's not exactly enough to just go and

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find amino acids because they can be

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made a biotic aliy and in fact there is

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a lot of overlap between the amino acids

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that are formed biotic lees and those

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are formed abiotic ly and those that are

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used in biotic systems not surprisingly

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so instead it'd be good to go and bring

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a technique that can survey all the

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different amino acids in the sample and

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once you have that you have that

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information you can start to look for

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patterns that can indicate the presence

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of abiotic or biotic chemistry one of

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those patterns is what type of amino

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acids are there in particular histidine

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is only made through biotic chemistry so

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if you were to find that somewhere and

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you know we didn't bring it with us

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then it would be a good indication that

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something other than a biotic chemistry

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was taking place the next pattern you

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can look at is the relative abundance of

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the

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you know since you find to glycine

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glycine is the smallest and easiest to

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synthesize amino acid so a body

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chemistry makes a lot of it with respect

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to the larger more complex amino acids

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but life needs complexity so relative to

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glycine life uses more of those complex

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amino acids in suits use a higher

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abundance of those in biotic samples and

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then finally chirality in abiotic

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systems the left and right-handed

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version of the amino acids are generally

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created in a 50/50 mixture so if you

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were to see any sort of enantiomeric

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excess or homo chirality that would be a

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really good indication that it's not

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just a biotic chemistry so in order to

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go and search for those signs you need a

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technique that can take a sample that

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has a mixture of all those amino acids

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separate them out so that you can

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individually identify and quantify them

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and then technique that we think is the

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best is capillary electrophoresis

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it's a voltage driven separation and

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it's all liquid based so which is really

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good when you're going to go study water

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or ice it also has very low limits of

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detection down to nano molar or parts

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per trillion when coupled with laser

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induced fluorescence detection and it's

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miniaturize a bowl so this is the big

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this is the big system the commercial

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system it's about the size of a

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dishwasher and this is one of our

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portable systems the chemical laptop

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that is about the size of a shoebox so

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if you're interested in learning about

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how we're shrinking that technology and

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making it more portable go to Fernandez

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talk tomorrow so see e works by filling

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a small bore capillary about 50 micron

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in our diameter with a conductive

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solution you can then inject your liquid

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sample directly onto the capillary and

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when you apply a voltage everything in

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that plug starts to separate based on

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its size to charge ratio so you start to

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get a separation of all the different

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compounds in solution as those separate

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they move down the capillary

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they move past the detector in our case

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a laser and so you can collect a signal

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versus time plot we call an

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electropherogram that can be used for

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identification and quantification of the

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different species in solution so this is

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our electropherogram from a method that

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we made this method targets the 13 most

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abundant amino acids found in both

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abiotic and biotic samples there's a lot

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of overlap there and so with a with

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these 13 amino acids you can look for

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those bio signatures I talked about

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previously so you can see we have 13

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minutes and but we also are able to hang

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it on bed at that separate the left and

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right handed versions of the amino acids

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for five different amino acids so we can

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look for that chiral signature as well

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so back when I published the method in

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2017 our limits of detection were

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between 5 and 100 animal it's pretty

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good but we've been able to get them

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down even lower to between 1 and 25 and

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animal or depending on the amino acid

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and this is really great because it puts

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us in the range of what we see for Earth

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analogue like sub glacial lake

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environments for free amino acids so

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we're in a good place to be able to

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detect free amino acids in ocean water

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another great thing about this technique

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is it makes it really easy for end and

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analysis of liquid samples if you have a

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liquid sample all you need to do is mix

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it with some reagents to fix the pH add

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your fluorescent tag and then analyze

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that directly because we get those low

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limits of detection and because we're

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doing separation you don't need to do

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any additional pre concentration or

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desalting in fact we're able to look at

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a variety of different samples here are

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the Mono Lake water and Atacama soil

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extract and we can see very low

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concentrations of amino acids in these

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samples even though there's a variety of

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different salts and other things in the

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matrix

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so because of the capabilities of this

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method it was selected as part of the

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analysis suite on a new frontiers

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proposal called Elsa this is the

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Enceladus life signatures and

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habitability mission and it's a multi

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Center collaboration

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it's a flyby mission so it would fly

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through the plumes collect sample that

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sample would be transferred to a sample

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handling system and I think Spice from

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Ames is going to talk about that next in

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this session that sample handling system

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also includes the reagent storage needed

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to be able to run the capillary

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electrophoresis test and analyze for

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those chiral amino acids and else I

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didn't get selected this time but I

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think there will be a second proposal

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because I think it's a really important

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mission and so in order to get ready for

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the next proposal we will be we've been

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demonstrating when the stability of the

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hardware and the chemicals under

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spaceflight conditions in order to

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increase the TRL or technology readiness

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level of this technique I've been

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focusing more on the chemical side of

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things but if you're interested in

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hardware go see Nathan o Bernie's poster

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tonight he's going to talk about making

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radiation tolerant hardware specifically

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for the detection side of things the

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chemical stability is really important

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too and it's something that people

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always have questions about because

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we're bringing these like complex mostly

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organic molecules along with us and

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they're worried about them falling apart

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so the important chemicals for this test

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or the fluorescent dye this is how we

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label our amino acids and create a

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fluorescent compound then that's what

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the separation is designed to detect and

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then in order to get that really nice

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chiral resolution the resolution of all

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those amino acids at once we do need a

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kind of complicated background

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electrolyte that's the conductive

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solution that fills the capillary it's a

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mixture of three powdered reagents and

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it's mixed with an aqueous solution of

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six percent of co2 nitrile so all that

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needs to fly in order to be able to

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perform this assay so radiation is the

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big problem

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traditionally organic chemistry isn't

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great under radiation

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so we were pretty worried about this and

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to choose the worst case scenario we

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chose Europa this is far worse than

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anything we'd see in intelligence but

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still if we can do it under these

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conditions then we can do it anywhere so

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we chose the number from the Europa

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Lander science definition team report of

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300 killer ad the first thing we tested

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was our die so we exposed the die to 300

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killer ad and we were actually kind of

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shocked that it was fine

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not only did it retain its flora for so

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it allowed us to be able to detect it at

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the same concentrations as non

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irradiated die but it retained they

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retained this leaving group so this is a

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pretty labile chemical because it's

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needed to react with the amino acids but

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it was able to retain the labeling

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efficiency and then even better than

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that there were no additional Peaks

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formed so this is a fluorescent molecule

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so when you start to radiate it and it

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starts to degrade it can turn into other

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fluorescent molecules that can interfere

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with our separation and we didn't see

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that so this was really great we also

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irradiated the background electrolyte

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and we found that as long as we keep the

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powdered reagents separate from the

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liquid reagents during the irradiation

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and then mix them for analysis

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everything is fine we don't see any

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effects in migration time drift or

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difference in resolution between our

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Peaks and this just means that we have

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to have a sample handling system that

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can keep the liquid and the solid

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separate into how we're ready to use it

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and then the next thing we did

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especially for the dye we looked at the

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long-term storage at elevated

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temperatures so the diet is fairly

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sensitive to increases in temperature

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because the main degradation pathways

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hydrolysis the hotter it gets the faster

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that's gonna happen and the manufacturer

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recommends that you store it at negative

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5 C for one year and we that's too short

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for us so we needed to make sure that it

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was going to be okay at higher

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temperatures for longer so we stored it

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for one month six months one year and

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two years a variety of different

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temperatures so we chose 4 C 25

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see and 60c you can see that at the

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elevated temperatures and longer storage

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times do start to get this increase in

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background so that's the degradation of

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the die increasing the background

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however even at the worst case with 6ec

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for two years we're still able to detect

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a majority of our amino acids including

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glycine and histidine which were too

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poor important ones for those bio

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signatures that we talked about so C is

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a great technique it can provide Carle

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resolution very low limits of detection

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the chemicals needed to perform this

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assay are stable up to three hundred

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killer AD which makes them viable to fly

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just about anywhere we would will need a

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thermal control in the vault to keep the

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dye at a lower temperature so it doesn't

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start to degrade but these are the first

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steps in making this technique more

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viable for future trip to mental abyss

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so I want to thank the funding and then

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also my group is here in force so if

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you're interested in this stuff please

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and go and look at their posters and go

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watch their talks thanks

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[Applause]

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[Music]

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yeah yeah

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Richard Malthus chemistry and the space

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sciences lab at UC Berkeley

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the fly-through profile is very

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interesting but of course one of the big

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challenges that we worry about and I

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suspect you worry about is how in the

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world do you capture the molecules in

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the plume and what velocity do you

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transit through the plume okay so what

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what did you propose to do and what are

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the issues and solutions to that issue

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so I can't actually talk about that

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because that's proposal specific but we

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did propose something and if if amino

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acids are there we will detect them okay

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that's that's all just a quick question

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how much liquid sample would you need to

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do to do your analysis um so the

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injection plug for capillary

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electrophoresis about four nanoliters

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so we only need a couple of microliters

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of sample in order to couple of

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microliters okay thanks yep hi I wanted

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to know if you test this dye against

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other nitrogen in your compost like

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amines and if it's stable like for

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example with alcohols and some other

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nucleophiles to be sure to react with

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your other nucleophiles

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so this is an amine specific dye I think

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it's I don't think there's any cross

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reactivity with like other nucleophiles

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I'm pretty sure but I mean a couple

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amines in the mixture we let me know ask

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it yeah I'm five you test that yeah and

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so that's the benefit of separation oh

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is it if there's a whole bunch of means

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in there we'll label them but then